Nationalism
In the Late Modern Period (1750-1900), both the Enlightenment ideology and the ideology of nationalism began to challenge the centralized bureaucracies of the Early Modern Period and Foundations Period.
Nationalism is a two-part concept. The first is national identity. This happens when citizens in a nation recognizes and embraces a common culture (such as religion, language, food, etc.) and a common history that is shared collectively by all citizens. The creation of a national identity also involves what psychologists refer to as "an awareness of difference" – creating a common identity that is separate from (and is sometimes seen superior to) other nations. A sense of belonging to a nation may strengthen when a foreign threat emerges, causing citizens to unite against that common threat. The second part of nationalism is demonstrating loyalty to the nation. Governments insist that being loyal to the nation is more important than being loyal to one’s family, religion or ethnic group. Nationalism also glorifies those who are willing to die for their nation. There are two major effects of nationalism. One is that nationalism causes of people who share common culture to unite under a new nation. The other is that nationalism divides diverse, multi-cultural empires by inspiring groups to break away from the empire and start a new nation.
Nationalism is a two-part concept. The first is national identity. This happens when citizens in a nation recognizes and embraces a common culture (such as religion, language, food, etc.) and a common history that is shared collectively by all citizens. The creation of a national identity also involves what psychologists refer to as "an awareness of difference" – creating a common identity that is separate from (and is sometimes seen superior to) other nations. A sense of belonging to a nation may strengthen when a foreign threat emerges, causing citizens to unite against that common threat. The second part of nationalism is demonstrating loyalty to the nation. Governments insist that being loyal to the nation is more important than being loyal to one’s family, religion or ethnic group. Nationalism also glorifies those who are willing to die for their nation. There are two major effects of nationalism. One is that nationalism causes of people who share common culture to unite under a new nation. The other is that nationalism divides diverse, multi-cultural empires by inspiring groups to break away from the empire and start a new nation.
Nationalism as a UNITING Force: Calls for Unification
Italian Unification
The Napoleonic Wars saw the French emperor take over Italy and introduce the ideas of the Enlightenment to the peninsula. Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo and eventually left Italy. The Congress of Vienna brought peace between England, Austria, France, and Prussia, which resulted in the reformation of old boundaries in Europe. This separated many Italian territories, which resulted in protest from Italians who wanted a unified Italian state. In southern Italy, a military man named Giuseppe Garibaldi led several revolts for unification. These revolts were successful and the southern states united with the northern states of Sardinia-Piedmont under Emmanuel II. |
German Unification
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Ottomanism
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Nationalism as a dividing force
Nationalist movements began to spread in the Sea based and Land based empires leading some to want their own nation separate from the empire. This included the United States which became the first nation to establish a democracy based on Enlightened ideology. That Revolution was followed by the French who spread nationalism all over Europe. Additionally, the Haitian and Latin American Revolutions would also break away from the French and Spanish empires respectively. Others would follow calling for liberation from empires.
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Propaganda Movement
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Maori Nationalism
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Puerto Rico
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